Drugs And Its Effects On Society - 1468 Words

Methamphetamine, a drug that for years has been sweeping our nation and claiming countless lives. Why are people turning to this drug knowing what it can and will do to you? This drugs affects so many lives around the world, even those who choose to not do it. I, myself, have been affected by this drug. Throughout all my teen years I watched own my mother fall to this awful addiction. This drug will completely rip lives apart, destroy families, and ultimately murder its user. I was lucky, in a way, my mother recovered, an incredibly rare instance. After enduring all the chaos and trouble that comes with a parent who is an addict, I decided very young that I would never go through that. Instead, I became a police officer, a very good on at that. I have lived a life on the outside looking in and watching the addiction eat way at everything a person can have or be. Now, I do everything I can to help stop this drug from reaching our children, our community, and fight to help those trappe d receive the help they need. The History of Methamphetamine dates back to 1887 in Germany, amphetamine was first made and methamphetamine, more potent and easy to make, was developed in Japan in 1919. The crystalline powder was soluble in water, making it a perfect candidate for injection. During WWII, the drug was used to keep Nazi troops awake for long hours, allowing them to fight in the war and man concentration camps with little to no rest. The use of methamphetamine was not limited toShow MoreRelatedDrugs And Its Effects On Society932 Words   |  4 PagesDrug use in America has affected society as a whole since the 1970’s, when drugs such as cocaine and other narcotics became relatively easy for user to purchase in amount unheard of prior. No matter what the choice of drug a user is addicted to, the effects of drug abuse has the same outcome; to include addiction, depression, and criminal activity which affects everybody in society from small children to an adults. Kids today are subject to be exposed to illicit drugs any day of the week. WhetherRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Certain drugs have become very popular among teens at dance clubs, parties, raves, and other crowded social gatherings. These drugs are known as â€Å"club drugs†. The most commonly used substances amongst teens are MDMA (ecstasy, or molly), GHB, and Methamphetamine (meth). The effects of these different drugs vary. Stimulant drugs such as ecstasy and meth affects the hormone in your body, known as serotonin; which controls sleep cycles and the feeling of happiness. Teens often mix ecstasyRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society955 Words   |  4 PagesDrugs are as defined by the dictionary as a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body this means that everything from coffee to alcohol can be considered a drug. Drugs have been made and used by people since 5000 B.C by the Sumerians. They have had both a positive and negative impact on society, they can help us get over a sickness within a couple of days, however drugs have also been used as a way to get high. Using drugs, noRead MoreDrugs And Its Effect On Society1645 Words   |  7 PagesThe official definition of drugs is a substance which has a physiological effect when introduced to the body. Drugs have been a part of human culture since the beginning of recorded history. People have use drugs for all sorts of reasons whether it is for a religious mind altering ritual, to save someone’s life or just to make themselves feel better, and they are still widely prevalent in today’s culture. We all know someone who currently partakes in drugs whether they choose to share that informationRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs And Its Effects On Society1670 Words   |  7 PagesMany people don’t consider the real effects of drugs when they are about to use it. In today’s society, there are various types of drugs or substances that are either on the legal or illegal side. Just because a substance is legal does not ma ke it beneficial and vice versa. The main categories of drugs are stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. The drug category that I would like to focus on is stimulants. The most heavily and frequently used stimulant, which is caffeine. Never does it crossRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs And Its Effects On Society1221 Words   |  5 Pages Now, there are lots of teenagers all over the world /use drug. And it /becomes a very normal thing in social. Why /the teenagers want to use drug? Drugs/ blur memory, causing blank spots. When a person tries to get information through this cloudy mess, he can’t do it. Drugs make a person feel slow or stupid and cause him to have failures in life. And as he has more failures and life gets harder, he wants more drugs to help him deal with the problem. There are two very important reasonsRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society1869 Words   |  8 Pageshistory, the use of drugs, both for recreational and medical purposes, has had a profound impact on society that is still prevalent in today’s society. After the end of the Second World War, the pharmaceutical industry was booming and drugs became this tool that could solve all of human’s problems. Many companies invested in this area which led to many breakthroughs for cures; however, during this time period, another branched stemmed from all of this glory of drugs. The 1960s drug culture was a majorRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society893 Words   |  4 PagesDrugs are everywhere. There are many reasons why people turn to drugs, such as peer pressure, depression, and etc. Using drugs is a choice that many people decide to do. Drugs can get prescribed by people such as doctors and psychiatrists and those drugs can be used to help cure the body. Even with those prescribed drugs some like to abuse them, which can have a negative effect on our bodies and can lead to many different things. Things such as possibly going to jail, losing your job , ruin relationshipsRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society1413 Words   |  6 PagesFor thousands of years, drugs have been used in some way, form, or fashion. Drugs have not always been the way that we know them to be today, but people have been creative and have used what has been made available to them to use drugs, whether they knew it or not. Most of these early drug-users either used out of tradition and a ritualistic culture or because there was a need for some type of healing. The drug and stimulant, cocaine, is extracted from the coca plant. This plant is native to SouthRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society1736 Words   |  7 Pagesforever or go away through therapy and treatment. For some people their escape is through drugs. They obtain this bad habit because drugs allows them to forget everything negative. Some people choose to use drugs because of household situations. Others choose drugs because they feel pressure from friends. There are also some that want t o get away from a painful reality. According to Maria Salinas (2012), â€Å"Drugs are chemicals. They work in the brain by tapping into the brain’s communication system and

Capital Analysis Capital And Income Inequality Essay

As a Economics book, The book Capital in the Twenty-First Century is written for all Economics scholars and Econ major students all over the world. Since the book is mainly talking about the wealth and income inequality in the United States and Europe since the 18th century, it is a great reference for scholars who is writing papers about wealth distribution and income inequality. In addition, since the book was announced to be made into a documentary movie, it will be an original reference for those who are interested in the movie. Thomas Piketty is Professor of Economics at the Paris School of Economics. He published many articles in many most famous Economics magazines such as Quarterly Journal of Economics, the Journal of Political Economy, the American Economic Review and the Review of Economic Studies. He is specialized in the wealth inequality, and he has done a lot of historical and theoretical work on the interplay between economic development and the distribution of income and wealth. Based on historical and statistical methods, his work shows the rate of capital accumulation in relation to economic growth. Some of his major works are Wealth and Inheritance in the Long Run, Should We Make the Richest Pay to Meet Fiscal Adjustment Needs?, Top Incomes Over the Twentieth Century : A Summary of Main Findings [chap. 1]. His most recent work is World Wealth and Income Database (WID) (F. Alvaredo, T. Atkinson, T. Piketty, E. Saez, G. Zucman, 2011-2016). His mostShow MoreRelatedSources Of Economic Growth And Social Justice Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Growth and Social-Justice Egyptian per-capita income has been significantly improved in the second half of the first decade of 21st century, as it recorded, in average, $1984 (standard deviation $167), compared to $1312 (standard deviation $597), in average, during the first half of the decade. Figure (1) illustrates the development of per-capita income through the first decade of 21th century and it shows that per-capita income growth rates were, in most, negative during the first halfRead MoreInvestment In Education Summary730 Words   |  3 PagesSummary of literature and analysis. An investment in education returns an increase in the level, quantity, and quality of human capital. Human Capital is the skills, knowledge, attributes, abilities, and experience possessed by a region or individual. Translating increased human capital into increased productivity is not direct nor immediate. There are broad macroeconomic indicators that education does contribute to productivity in that, nations with higher levels of formal schooling correlate toRead More1. Does Gender Equality Contribute to Economic Growth? There is a long established tradition of800 Words   |  4 Pagesaccumulation of human capital in vibrant growth rates. As conclusions of this, a number of studies have included gender dissect versions of human capital, mostly substituted by gender differences in educational attainment, in their models. Interest in the impact of other aspects of gender inequality on growth is more scattered. Empirical growth models typically rely on changes in per capita GDP as their measure of economic growth although a number rely on levels of per capita income. As Hall and JonesRead MoreSociological Research On Social And Class Differences1349 Words   |  6 Pages Various statistical techniques are used in sociological research in order to study the social world. These may include measures to describe data dispersion, as well as analytical methods such as latent class analysis. Each technique can provide distinct approaches to answering a research question, as they may emphasize specific factors or lead to different ways to structure results. Consequently, it becomes particularly important to consider one’s choice of measures and methods, as depending onRead MoreWhy Not Socialism? The Camping Trip1337 Words   |  6 Pagesit, one can recognize that a trip run with the socialist principles is preferable, although, â€Å"the community principle constrains the operation of the egalitarian principle, by forbidding certain inequalities of outcome that the egalitarian principle permits† (60). Essentially, there are some inequalities that campers will not tolerate that socialist equality of opportunity would allow. Equality of Opportunity Cohen identifies three forms of equality of opportunity. The first mode is bourgeois equalityRead MoreRelationship Between Income Inequality And Financial Sector Development969 Words   |  4 Pagesbenefits the income distribution is still controversial. Under this question, this essay try to use statistically method to explore the relationship between income inequality and financial sector development. This essay’s results present that inequality decreases as financial development. Although there are some weak evidence suggests that there is an inverted U shaped linkage between income distribution and financial development. 2.A review of theoretical discussion 2.1 Earlier analysis SchumpeterRead MoreTrade and Income Inequality693 Words   |  3 Pagesgenerate problems that did not exist before. If rapid growth is accomplished at the expense of misdistribution of resources, then it will create social tensions or class warfare. Rapid growth has been shown in different countries that raises gap of income inequality and raise the poverty rate. In India, the slow economic growth has been steady for a period of time until 1991 when the trade and investment liberalization and economic reforms signed. It was a major breakthrough that resulted in rapid economicRead MoreSocial Inequality In Australia Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesSocial inequality and its impacts on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people Social inequality is a problematic phenomenon that occurs all around the world and affects both the developed and developing nations. It is defined as â€Å"the unequal distribution of social, political and economic resources within a social collective† (van Krieken et al. 2013, p. 205). Inequality is closely connected with social stratification, a system of social hierarchy that positions individuals and groups into categoriesRead MoreHow Much Does The Middle Class Shrink1517 Words   |  7 Pagesclass shrink and what changes in their spending pattern, I may find in what aspects do they shrink and why. Based on analysis of data mainly from US Census Bureau and Labor Statistics, I examine the status quo of middle class by analyzing real median household income, polarization, income inequality and Lorenz curve. I also try to explain the reasons behind by regression analysis. By studying the consumer spending behaviors after crisis, I could see directly how households respond a nd how they alterRead MoreRelationship Between The Worker And The Capitalist997 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent times, inequality has been found on high levels all around the world, this is due to how the market functions and the relationship between the worker and the capitalist. In this essay, the characteristics of Capitalism will be described followed by an analysis of how it produces wealth inequality, however a political economical approach will be used. Emphasized are the thoughts of Karl Marx and Adam Smith. To begin with, Adam Smith in his book Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

An Analysis of Depression as a Global

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Depression as a Global Crisis Implementation of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Answer: Introduction Depression is a major contributor to the global affliction of disease, and it impacts people from different walks of life in society. According to the World Health Organisation (2001), depression is estimated to affect 350 million individuals. Depressive disorders typically begin at a young age and end up interfering with a persons functions as they occur time and time again. Depression thus is classified as the leading cause of a significant number of years lost as result of mental disability. This paper will analyze depression as a prevalent mental disorder in Australian society. Depression Depression is a type of a mental disorder that presents itself with sad disposition loss of energy, pleasure or interest, low self-worth, poor concentration, disturbed sleep, and feelings of guilt (Parker, 2007). These problems ultimately become chronic and result in a personas inability to handle their responsibilities. If left untreated, depression leads to suicide. According to Highet (2002), an estimated 1 million Australians are diagnosed with depression on an annual basis. Depression affects an estimated 20% of adults in Australia with the number of women doubling that of men as far as diagnosis are concerned (Highet, 2002). Depression is on many occasions linked to other disorders such as substance use, eating disorder and anxiety disorder. Managing depression Depression is a disease that gets diagnosed and treated. Treatment options include psychosocial support alongside psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. While the global affliction of depression poses a public health challenge both at the economic and social level, some strategies tackle the overall burden of depression. There are some service frameworks in Australia that serve the purpose of improving mental health and well-being of an entire population by reducing inequalities and enhancing the quality of health and social care in situations involving mental health. Beyond Blue: Australias National Depression Initiative The Beyond Blue initiative is intended to improve the communitys capacity to prevent cases and effectively respond to cases involving depression. It is a combined initiative of the Australian federal state and different territory governments and works in partnership with schools; health services workplaces including other related agencies with an aim to increase awareness regarding depression and reduce stigma relating to depression (Dunt et al., 2011). The beyond blue framework works on the premise of five priorities which include: To promote community awareness regarding depression, anxiety, substance use disorders and tackling associated social stigma. To provide individuals living with depression as well as their carers with information about the disease and effective treatment methods and promoting their experiences and needs with healthcare service providers and policy makers. By developing programs for early intervention and depression prevention initiatives. By improving training and support for health professionals on depression. Through initiating depression related research. Since the year 2000, the beyond blue initiative has been undertaking twelve-monthly national telephone surveys as a way of monitoring state-level estimates of community knowledge and awareness about depression. The organization also conducts studies of general practice to evaluate the changing patterns of medicine prescription and use of antidepressant medication. European framework for action on mental health and well-being The framework recognizes that depressive disorder has a significant impact on the European Unions productivity (Lehtinen, 2001). Restricting access to lethal substances and decreasing social exclusion is identified in the model as reducing the rate of susceptibility to depression. Majority EU member states have individual national programs for dealing with depression which include policies such as employing professionals and peer groups and empowerment of gatekeepers. However, the European framework for action on mental health and well-being stresses that more effort is in public health in terms of scaling up stoppage efforts and awareness in addition to building capacity as a way to boost recognition rates in the general health sector (Herman Jane-Llopis, 2005). In the European context legislation and action plans in member states perform the crucial function of implementing the tools for broadening awareness on a national level. Additionally, the EU also recognizes that coordinate d efforts in the use of e-health approach for preventing depression (McDaid et al., 2005). The current e-health documents coupled with psycho-education and mental health learning materials are a crucial part of the solution towards dealing with depression in the EU. Service Framework for mental health and well-being The framework elaborates on the idea that children in the United Kingdom have to deal with emotions and situations that lead to depression (Bracken Thomas, 2001). The framework draws its premise for dealing with depression from the overarching standards stipulated in the UKs National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). The overarching standard 28 elaborates on what ought to get done in cases of children and young people suffering from mild to moderate depression. The standard explains that a young person with mild depression ought to have a comprehensive evaluation in primary care followed by onward referral to pinpoint mental health needs to enable early intervention (Walshe, 2002). Furthermore, the young persons family ought to receive information and training regarding the depressive disorder. The overarching standard 28 helps a person caring for a young to respond appropriately to ensure that a young person with depression receives appropriate early intervention to prevent long-term issues developing. Secondly, the overarching standard 29 of NICE relates to children and young individuals with moderate to severe depression. The principle explains that a young person with severe to moderate depression ought to receive particular psychological therapy which includes cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and short-term family therapy provided by professionals such as therapist trained in Adolescent and childhood mental health (Mitchie et al., 2011). The standard further advises against prescribing or giving antidepressant medication placing great emphasis on psychological interventions. Such an approach acts as a measure to improve the quality of life for young people with depression. Case Justification for the investigation of rising rate of depression among teenagers in Australia In the WHOs report on health for the worlds adolescents, depression represents the primary cause of disability, illness, and suicide among teens (World Health Organization, 2014). The Australian department of health explains that older adolescent teens are increasingly experiencing depression (Bond et al., 2007). A combination of cultural, economic and schooling factors are the main contributors to the growing problem. Teenagers in Australia are faced with distress at school as they cope with a variety of expectations in their final year of their school vocation. Teens face different pressures and choices, and the modern education structure presents a variety of problems. A study conducted at the Queensland University of Technology found that suicide caused by negative school experiences among teenage students between the ages 15 to 19 increased by 63 percent from 2011 to 2012 (Rigby, 2000). Culture also has a significant on the depression rate given that in the teenage life phase, y oung men and women struggle with appearance and identity issues. As teenagers grow, they continuously seek emotional and financial independence hence become increasingly exposed to external cultures that present different exposure from those in the family sphere. For example, teenagers in Australia get exposed to the culture of binge drinking, marijuana and tobacco smoking which counts as rites of passage for adolescents. Teenagers, therefore, get exposed to depression as they struggle to assert themselves in a culture that forces them to want to conform to the behaviors of their peers. In Australia, 30% of the population lives in rural areas many of whom are of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin (Bailie, 2010). Australians in the countryside are relatively poorer owing to the longstanding history of discrimination and prejudice against indigenous communities. Hence, due to the socio-economic differences, the suicide rate and rate of depression is higher in children of Abo riginal and Torres Strait Islander origin. Application of the Ottawa Charter in developing a health promotion initiative for the rising rate of depression among teenagers in Australia The Ottawa Charter for health promotion focuses on the needs of industrialized countries as a response to the issues that arise (Beaudoin, 2011). Health promotion according to the charter is a procedure that involves enabling individuals to have control over and improve their health. The Ottawa charter depicts five key actions for the rising rate of depression among teenagers in Australia. Build healthy public policy There is a need for public policy to help put health on the agenda of policy makers, directing them to mind the consequences of failing to consider the rising rate of depression among teenagers. The health promotion policies combine a list of education, cultural and economic factors that contribute to the growing depression rate among adolescents that leads to the adoption of health public policy to eliminate the factors. Create supportive environments for health The complex association between people and their surroundings provided the basis for a sociological approach to dealing with the problem of increased depression among teenagers. The overall guiding philosophy for nations and communities is the need to care for each other, communities and natural environment. Health promotion comes about through changing the patterns of life in schooling and leisure to minimalize the rate at which teenagers get exposed to depression. Strengthen community action At the core of reducing teens exposure to depression, is engaging communities and encouraging them to text ownership and control of their destinies. Community development exploits meaning from material and existing human resources to tackle the problem of teenage susceptibility to depression and identifying current and new solutions to deal with the health matter. Develop personal skill Health promotion enables people to tap into health-related information and life enhancing skills as far as depression is concerned. Such info increases the options for individuals to make favorable choices as far as teenage depression is concerned and have more influence over teenage health matters. Positive repercussions come about by promoting educational, commercial, and professional institutional actions towards tackling the problem. Reorient health services The responsibility for health promotion as far as teenage depression is concerned is shared among communities, individuals, health service institutions, health professionals, and governments. The parties involved must combine efforts to develop a healthcare system that encompasses the psychological and physical needs for teenagers beyond the responsibility of providing therapeutic and clinical services. Also, reorienting health services requires stronger emphasis on health research and alterations in professional education as well as training. Conclusion Depression is a global health concern, and as depicted in this paper, some frameworks have been developed to address the problem. The article also provides justification for research studies aimed at dealing with the problem of increased depression among teenagers in Australia. Finally, the paper implements the WHOs Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion framework to illustrate strategies to curb the increasing rate of depression among adolescents in Australia. References Bailie, R., Stevens, M., McDonald, E., Brewster, D., Guthridge, S. (2010). Exploring cross-sectional associations between common childhood illness, housing and social conditions in remote Australian Aboriginal communities.BMC public health,10(1), 147. Beaudoin, C. (2011). Twenty years of comprehensive school health: A review and analysis of Canadian research published in refereed journals (1989-2009).Revue phnEPS/PHEnex Journal,3(1). Bond, L., Butler, H., Thomas, L., Carlin, J., Glover, S., Bowes, G., Patton, G. (2007). Social and school connectedness in early secondary school as predictors of late teenage substance use, mental health, and academic outcomes.Journal of Adolescent Health,40(4), 357-e9. Bracken, P., Thomas, P. (2001). Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental health.BMJ: British Medical Journal,322(7288), 724. Dunt, D., Robinson, J., Selvarajah, S., Young, L., Highet, N., Shann, C., Pirkis, J. (2011). beyondblue, Australia's National Depression Initiative: An Evaluation for the Period 20052010.International Journal of Mental Health Promotion,13(3), 22-36. Highet, N. J., Hickie, I. B., Davenport, T. A. (2002). Monitoring awareness of and attitudes to depression in Australia.Medical Journal of Australia,176(10), S63. Lahtinen, E., Lehtinen, V., Riikonen, E., Ahonen, J., Kiikkala, I., Lehto, J., ... Turunen, M. M. (2001). Framework for promoting mental health in Europe. McDaid, D., Curran, C., Knapp, M. (2005). Promoting mental well-being in the workplace: a European policy perspective.International review of psychiatry,17(5), 365-373. Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions.Implementation science,6(1), 42. Parker, G. (2007). Is depression overdiagnosed? Yes.BMJ: British Medical Journal,335(7615), 328. Walshe, K. (2002). The rise of regulation in the NHS.BMJ: British Medical Journal,324(7343), 967 World Health Organization. (2001).The World Health Report 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope. World Health Organization World Health Organization. (2014).Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. World Health Organization. Rigby, K. E. N. (2000). Effects of peer victimization in schools and perceived social support on adolescent well-being.Journal of adolescence,23(1), 57-68.

How To Stop Terrorism Essay Example For Students

How To Stop Terrorism Essay Terrorism is a type of violence used tactically in peace, conflict, and war. The threat of terrorism is ever present, and an attack is likely to occur when least expected. In trying to find out what factors can cause an individual to choose terrorism, it is first necessary to define what terrorism is. The Department of Defense defines terrorism as the calculated use of violence or threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. Per the definition, the terrorists are not giving into a whim of random acts, but these individuals are using calculated moves in order to achieve the purpose of the group. Simply put, this suggests that these individuals are making a conscious choice for violence. What motivates these groups to choose terrorism as a means to achieve a particular agenda? The majority of the motives can be broken down into three broad areas: ration al, psychological, and cultural.(1) Although some motives are difficult for the majority of the World to comprehend; given a motive, a terrorist group has a purpose for violence. The rational terrorist thinks through the options and goals that are to be achieved, making a cost-benefit breakdown. This individual seeks to determine whether there are less costly and more effective ways to achieve the objective than terrorism. Risks and capabilities are assessed to determine whether terrorism should be used or not. This type of thought is similar to that of a military commander choosing which course of action should be taken to achieve the missions objectives. The rational terrorist is more of a strategist, which uses terrorism to achieve an outcome. Sinn Fein can be interpreted as a rational terrorist. In the roots of this organization, terrorism may have seemed to be the only alternative to achieve an audience. Although currently the political party is not directly affiliated with the IRA (Irish Republican Army), past ties gave the appearance of one entity; dealing with Sinn Fein meant dealing with the IRA as well. Now that Sinn Fein has the ability to achieve objectives through political means, it is no longer part of the IRA; although, some still view them to be the political wing of the IRA.(2) This strategy can easily change once again, should the objectives become more difficult to achieve, thus shifting from peaceful means to the need for more abrupt measures. Psychological motivation for terrorism derives from terrorists personal dissatisfaction with life and accomplishments. This type of motivation is found to be a faith of the terrorist. The individual does not consider the actions taken to achieve the agenda wrong and may tend to project antisocial motivations onto others, creating a polarized we versus they outlook.(3) These members attribute only evil motives to anyone outside the group. The resulting clarity of purpose appeals to those who crave violence to relieve their constant anger. The other common characteristic of the psychologically motivated terrorist is the pronounced need to belong to a group. With some terrorists, group acceptance is a stronger motivator than the stated political objectives of the organization. Such individuals define their social status by group acceptance. More often than not the groups goal may be nearly impossible to achieve. A group that achieves its stated purpose is no longer needed; thus, success threatens the psychological well being of its members. When a terrorist group approaches a stated goal, there may be an inclination to redefine it. The group may reject the achievement as false or inadequate or the result of the duplicity of them. When a solution is close to being reached, objectives change. .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 , .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 .postImageUrl , .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 , .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583:hover , .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583:visited , .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583:active { border:0!important; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583:active , .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583 .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua034402272a13b7c14276f0d90776583:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The House On Mango Street EssayOne effective psychological defense against success is to define goals so broadly that they are impossible to achieve. Even if the world proclaims the success of a political movement, the terrorists can deny it and fight on. The Basque ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) apparently suffers from the fear of success. No matter how much autonomy is granted to the Basques, the ETA will not be satisfied until they have achieved total independence as a separate nation, this is something that Madrid is not about to do; thus, the goal of independence is keeping the ETA in business.(4) Cultures shape values and motivate people to actions that seem unreasonabl e to foreign observers. Americans are reluctant to appreciate the intense effect of culture on behavior, and choose to accept the myth that rational behavior guides all human actions. Such things as vendetta, martyrdom, and self-destructive group behaviors are rejected as irrational belief. Some nations take to ethnic cleansing based on cultural motivations. When the Soviet Union collapsed ending the cold war, it only spiked the opportunity for the ministates to finally rid each other of ethnic impurities. Examples of these are found in Bosnia and Georgia. These terrorists would rather see the dissolution of a viable state for the sake of ethnic purity rather than heal their own starving economy. Religion may be the most volatile of cultural identifiers because it encompasses values deeply held. A threat to ones religion puts not only the present at risk but also ones cultural past and the future. Terrorism in the name of religion can be especially violent. Like all terrorists, those who are religiously motivated view their acts with moral certainty and even divine sanctions. What would otherwise be extraordinary acts of desperation becomes a religious duty in the mind of the religiously motivated terrorist. This helps explain the high level of commitment and willingness to risk death among religious extremist groups. The Hezbollah view the West as the Great Satan and the foremost corrupting influence on the Islamic world today. This militant group does not view the suicide bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut as an insane act,(5) but as martyrdom against the evil ways of the West. With this underlying holy war against the world, they are forced to use these extreme measu res. With the motives of rational, psychology, and cultural reasoning, the different terrorist groups make a stand for what is believed to be right. The calculation for the next move that a terrorist will make is hard to decipher, but all terrorist do have motives. Although some motives are difficult for the majority of the World to comprehend; given a motive, a terrorist group has a purpose for violence. Words/ Pages : 1,124 / 24

Discussion of the use and relevance of this architectural development process for some application of interest

The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) TOGAF Architecture Skills Framework has benefits and relevance in reducing time, risks associated with training, hiring and managing IT system in professional manners. TOGAF makes communication system simple between employment agencies and organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion of the use and relevance of this architectural development process for some application of interest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also reduces time wastages during interviews. TOGAF is also relevant in reducing time and costs of setting up an internal IT architecture. The process is complex and requires expertise. Organizations save costs in overall IT implementation. It eliminates chances of unsuitable persons getting the job (The Open Group 7). However, TOGAF increases costs of personnel due to constant needs for reassigning, and resignation of staff. In cases of poor staff assignment, TOGAF may have adverse effects on quality of operational IT challenges. How does it contrast and compare with the Zachman Framework TOGAF has four divisions of enterprise architecture. These include business architecture for fulfilling business goals. Application architecture shows specific design and interaction between various designs. Data architecture shows how organizations store and access their data, and technical architecture talks of a system hardware and software application (Brach 86). TOGAF most essential area is the Architecture Development Method (ADM). ADM has a robust means of creating architecture. This may include process in creating architectural design. We can see TOGAF as an architectural framework, process or methodology under as classified under ADM. When we take TOGAF as an architectural process, then it functions as a complement of Zachman. In this case, Zachman is an architectural taxonomy. The difference is that Zachman enables us to cla ssify artifacts, whereas TOGAF gives us the opportunity of creating artifacts (O’Rourke, Fishman, and Warren 30). TOGAF looks at enterprise architecture (EA) in terms of â€Å"highly generic to highly specific† (The Open Group 16). In other words, TOGAF treats EA as a continuum of architecture. In this case, ADM of TOGAF offers the process of creating artifacts from generic to specific.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More TOGAF has Foundation Architectures as the most generic level for any IT application in organizations. Common Systems Architectures is another level of specificity, which we expect in most EA applications but not all. Industry Architectures are common and specific across same domain in the same industry. The Organizational of TOGAF is the most specific. These artifacts are specific to only given EA (Perks and Tony 56). How does this approach to architecti ng deal with systems integration in an SOS environment? We can look at SOS (System-of-Systems) as â€Å"a set or an arrangement of systems that result when independent and useful systems are integrated into a larger system that delivers unique capabilities† (Gansler 2). SOS offers cross links for changes in doctrines and modern transformation of systems. SOS is an integrated system. It provides the basis for complete realization of other features. SOS depends on endurance and any expiring artifacts must be replaced for continuity. SOS consists of features that enable various components to work independently (operational independence). SOS integration also has geographical distribution where systems can work in a coordinated fashion despite the distribution. We must also look at emerging behavior is SOS that occurs as a result of integration. SOS integration also offers opportunities for evolution through modification or change of existing parts with new ones. However, SOS app lication may experience challenges such as complexity, lack of a specific approach, issues of interface standards, testing issues, quality of information, and costs. There are also few engineers available in this field. What is the role for the lead systems integrator in all of this? SOS is a complicated system. This means that we need a single entity to run it. Thus, lead system integrator attempts develop a single system needs, manage development, integration, and associated risks. It also ensures coordination of schedules, efforts and contracting of procurement and development. In short, lead system integrator provides flexibility and acquisition of adaptable partners in SOS. The role of lead system integrator depends on the program under implementation. However, people view lead system integrator as a means of losing control, creating conflict of interest, and source of competition (Gansler 3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion of the use and rele vance of this architectural development process for some application of interest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modification needed for Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs) We can modify Architecture Capability to provide the necessary support for SOA. The first move in TOGAF is to take SOA as an architecture principle either in the beginning of the process or during modification. The enterprise must also be ready to adopt SOA through conducting maturity assessment in the early stages. This provides the rationale for the adoption of SOA. Thus, modification must take place in the areas of â€Å"principles, organizational structure, governance, and initial content of the Architecture Repository† (The Open Group 5). SOA is not suitable for addressing the entire architectural problem in the enterprise. Instead, we should identify specific areas to use SOA. Any system that depends on SOA must ensure compatibility. Any deviation m ust result into appropriate changes as corrective measures. TOGAF has standardized framework for SOA. This implies that the system can have â€Å"a high-level reference model of how SOA governance extends and supports both enterprise architecture and IT governance† (The Open Group 18). Works Cited Brach, Marion. Real Options in Practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2003. Print. Gansler, Jacques S. â€Å"The Role of Lead System Integrator (LSI).† NPS Acquisition Research Symposium, 4 (2007): 1-20. Print. O’Rourke, Carol, Neal Fishman, and Warren Selkow. Enterprise Architecture Using the Zachman Framework. Boston, MA: Course Technology, 2003. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perks, Col and Tony Beveridge. Guide to Enterprise IT Architecture. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2003. Print. The Open Group. â€Å"TOGAF.† Part III: ADM Guidelines Techniques, 1 (2011): 1-50. Print. Fig. 1: TOGAF’s enterprise architecture Fig. 2: The TOGAF Enterprise Continuum Fig. 3: The TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM) Fig. 4: Criteria and ratings for each methodology (Source: Roger Sessions, 2007 for Enterprise Architecture) This essay on Discussion of the use and relevance of this architectural development process for some application of interest was written and submitted by user Tomas Carlson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Robert Frosts Acquainted with the Night An Interpretation of the Poems Significance and Theme

Robert Frosts Acquainted with the Night An Interpretation of the Poems Significance and Theme Robert Frost is well known as the author of poems that address the world of nature and human feelings. The author expresses the emotions and hesitations of his heroes through vivid images of nature and metaphors, as well as using the poems’ structure. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frost’s â€Å"Acquainted with the Night†: An Interpretation of the Poem’s Significance and Theme specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the main particularity of his works is that they can be interpreted in different ways. One of the best examples of the author’s techniques is the poem â€Å"Acquainted with the Night†. As it has already been mentioned, the poem can be interpreted in different ways. One of the interpretations, that we are going to provide in this paper, deals with the explanation of the subject and theme of the poem. The poem is about a lonely person who feels isolation fr om the society. Thus, the protagonist of the poem experiences depression. The unwillingness to express emotions and feeling of loneliness and depression are the main issues addressed in the poem which present its theme. The subject of the poem is the loneliness that every person can feel from time to time. The protagonist of the poem wonders around the town unwilling to talk to somebody and express his thoughts and feelings: â€Å"I have passed by the watchman on his beat / And dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain† (Frost 5, 6). Indeed, it is a feeling that every individual can experience when it is impossible to say what you want as nobody around can understand you. This makes him feel an outsider in the community he lives in. He knows that nobody thinks about him and nobody will call him: â€Å"When far away an interrupted cry / Came over houses from another street, / But not to call me back or say good-bye† (Frost 9-11). Hears the sounds of human voices and unders tanding that they are not addressing him, the protagonist’s feeling of loneliness and isolations becomes bigger. As the protagonist is wondering aimlessly around the town, he understands that his life is senseless. This idea can be heard in the first stanza of the poem: â€Å"I have walked out in rain and back in rain. /I have out walked the furthest city light† (Frost 2, 3). His soul is filled with despair and nonchalance. Nothing bothers him and nothing is interesting to him, neither â€Å"the city lane,† and â€Å"the city lights,† nor â€Å"the watchman on his beat† nor â€Å"the sound of feet† (Frost).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main point about the subject is the theme of isolation, depression and despair. Every line of the poem is filled with this feeling. The author makes use of various literary details to develop the theme of the poem. The poem as a whole sounds metaphorically. Thus, we can conclude that the main literary means used in the poem is metaphor. With the very first line, the author introduces the reader into the â€Å"lonely world† of the protagonist: â€Å"I have been one acquainted with the night† (Frost 1). Night has â€Å"many faces† in can be fun, mysteries, friendly and hostile. However, it can be lonely as well. The lonely night is the only companion of the narrator. In this poem, night is a metaphor for loneliness and isolation. The narrator is well acquainted with it. He knows that walking â€Å"out in rain and back in rain† (Frost 2) will have no result and he will never reach the â€Å"furthers city light†. In their turn, the lights are the metaphor for the deliverance from loneliness that is unattainable for the narrator at the moment. The protagonist’s experience of loneliness is also expressed by means of such met aphoric images as â€Å"furthest city light†, â€Å"saddest city lane†, and â€Å"an unearthly height†. The author makes use of nature imagery of moon that, â€Å"at an unearthly height, / O luminary clock against the sky / Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right† (Frost 11-13). First of all, he is as lonely as the moon in the sky, and as far from his community as the moon far from the Earth. However, the imagery of moon is also used to show the meaningless of time for the narrator which â€Å"was neither wrong nor right† (Frost 13). It is one more manifestation of the author’s isolation. He is unable to sense the time as other citizens of the town. The moon is the only â€Å"clock† for him that still proves the narrator’s presence. As we can see, the author â€Å"plays with the time† using it to develop the theme of the poem. However, there is one more usage of the time. We can observe that Frost uses Present Perfect â€Å"I have been†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to show that his loneliness and depression are not short-term emotions, but accompany him for all his life. Thus, â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† by Robert Frost deals with the theme of loneliness, despair and depression. The author makes use different details, such as metaphors and imagery in order to develop the theme. Frost makes use of images of nature in order to express feeling and emotions of the narrator.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frost’s â€Å"Acquainted with the Night†: An Interpretation of the Poem’s Significance and Theme specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Frost, Robert. â€Å"Acquainted with the Night.† The Poetry of Robert Frost: The Collected Poems. Ed. Edward Connery Lathem. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.

Juvenile Detainees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Juvenile Detainees - Research Paper Example s responsibility to ensure that the young detainees are provided with special education and psychological restoration, in order to help them regain their well-being and prevent recidivism. Correctional officers come across many unique situations in their profession, where the detainees require special attention and consideration. Cases of substance abuse, sexual abuse, children suffering from mental disorders, those belonging to minority groups and children with disabilities often come under this purview. The role of a juvenile correctional officer is probably one of the most challenging ones, requiring a strong sense of solidarity as well as sensibility towards the juvenile detainees. The responsibilities of a correctional officer extend beyond mere provision of security and supervision. The future of a juvenile detainee often depends on the actions of his/her correctional officer. Such a role can only be fully surmised when the tasks, responsibilities and the tribulations faced by an officer, in relation to the detainees assigned to him, are fully understood. The neurobiological and psychological states of children and adolescents are very fragile, especially in the case of juvenile delinquents. Most juvenile offenders are found to have psychological disorders and mental ailments, which expose them and the correctional officers to dangerous and often life threatening situations. Young detainees are found to have a higher incidence of suicidal tendencies, substance abuse and crimina l inclinations that often place correctional officers in unique situations that need to be dealt with meticulous, clever as well as humanitarian approaches. On account of their violent history, juvenile delinquents take a long time to

What are the Elements of a Successful Counter-terrorist Strategy Dissertation

What are the Elements of a Successful Counter-terrorist Strategy - Dissertation Example It is properly defined as the creation and exploitation of fear through the use of violence or threat of using violence (Burke 2006). Because of the effect of terrorism on the social, economic and political aspect of states and non-states, various methods have been devised to prevent terrorist attacks, or at least reduce its negative effects. Thus, counterterrorism has been considered as yet another important agenda of states and other juridical entities (Durmaz 2007). This study aims to look into the different methods falling under the umbrella of counterterrorism as well as the elements that the same must contain in order to ensure its success. This chapter aims to provide an introduction to the topic at hand as well as to the aims and contents of this dissertation thus dividing it into the following sections: first, background of the study; second, research objectives; third, statement of the problem; fourth, research questions; fifth, significance of the study; sixth, scope and l imitations; seventh, operational definition of terms; and finally, an overview of the dissertation. Background of the Study As earlier mentioned, counterterrorism refers to an important agenda of states and non-states in their attempt to respond to terrorist threats and attacks (Orttung and Makarychev 2006). More specifically, counterterrorism pertains to the different practices, tactics, techniques and strategies that various juridical personalities (i.e. departments and corporations) make use of in order to effectively prevent and respond to terrorist threats and acts whether they be real or not. In this regard, counterterrorism focuses on both the detection of potential attacks as well as to the development of effective responses in... The intention of this study is terrorism that has been one of the most significant problems that the World has been dealing with in the twenty-first century. It generally pertains to the systematic use of terror as a means by which a person or a group of people could coerce another into doing something. In its common usage, the word terrorism pertains to those acts committed to cause fear and compromise the safety of the civilians. Most importantly, the prevalence of this problem in this particular era has led to the perception that it is often perpetrated by groups guided by their desire to attain a certain religious, political or ideological goal. Terrorism, thus, is considered as both a tactic and a strategy. It is properly defined as the creation and exploitation of fear through the use of violence or threat of using violence. Because of the effect of terrorism on the social, economic and political aspect of states and non-states, various methods have been devised to prevent terr orist attacks, or at least reduce its negative effects. Thus, counterterrorism has been considered as yet another important agenda of states and other juridical entities. Because of the importance of strategies related to counter-terrorism, it has been expounded that all aspects and segments of the society are of paramount importance in designing a counter-terrorist plan. In the same manner, it has also been argued that it is of utmost significance that propaganda and indoctrination be properly understood for the two lie at the heart of terrorism.

Children with Autism and School Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Children with Autism and School - Research Paper Example with autism should be mainstreamed in the general population of students in the school or if they should remain in specialized programs that meet their needs. On one side of the debate, people feel that autistic students in public schools will be distracting, slowing down the progress of the other students. On the other hand, others believe that by being in public school settings and being subjected to students that display proper education behavior, autistic students will be influenced by them to respond in the same way, thus learning some form or other of socialization and communication skills. The biggest controversy about allowing autistic children into public schools is that they do not possess the behavior to be around others, especially in an educational environment. Depending on the kind of autism that a child has, they are usually unable to socialize and communicate with others, oftentimes withdrawing into themselves and being entirely unaware of other people around them; sometimes this includes situations, which can be potentially harmful to the autistic child, as well as others. People are unable to hold the attention of an autistic child for even the smallest bit of time. Due to this lack of attention towards others and being unable to learn the proper techniques to do so, autistic children often have a difficult time in communicating their needs or intentions to others. Their inability to communicate properly can cause disruptions that can effect the attention and learning of other students if they were placed in the general population of students in schools. Furthermore, given their inability to communicate, an autistic child placed in the mainstream of a public school will have great difficulty in paying attention to their lessons, therefore making it almost futile for them to be in that class. Teachers will be unable to accommodate for both autistic and mainstream students; indeed, teachers would need special training to prepare them for teaching

Effort Estimation Model

Effort Estimation Model Effort Estimation Model for each Phase of Software Development Life Cycle Information Technology Abstract Assessment of main risks of software development discloses that major threat of delays are caused by poor effort / cost estimation of the project. Low / poor cost estimation is the second highest priority risk [1]. This risk can affect four out of total five phases of software development life cycle i.e. Analysis, Design, Coding and Testing. Hence targeting this risk alone may reduce the over all risk impact of the project by fifty percent. Architectural designing of the system is great activity which consumes most of the time in SDLC. Obviously effort is put to produce the design of the system. It is evident that none of the existing estimation models try to calculate the effort put on designing of the system. Although use case estimation model uses the use case points to estimate the cost. But what is the cost of creating use cases? One reason of poor estimates produced by existing models can be negligence of design effort/cost. Therefore it shall be well estimated to prevent any cost overrun of the project. We propose a model to estimate the effort in each of these phases rather than just relying upon the cost estimation of the coding phase only. It will also ease the monitoring of project status and comparison against planned cost and actual cost incurred so far at any point of time. Key Words: Effort estimation, software development life cycle, Risk Mitigation, Project Planning. Section 1:Back Ground and Motivation Existing estimation techniques such as Functions point estimation and use case estimation rely upon the artifacts generated in earlier phase. These artifacts (i.e. Use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, state chart diagrams etc) depict the architectural design of the entire system. These diagrams are not generated out of a blue or are not instantly available without putting any effort. Standard task set and the percentage of work duration associated with it decomposes the ratio of effort put in each phase. Activity Standard Work Effort% Definition Phase Business Requirements 6% Functional Specifications 10% Delivery Phase Detailed Design 14% Code and Unit Test 40% System Testing 20% User Acceptance Testing 10% Total Effort 100% Table 1 Standard Task Set Work Duration %age [4] It is evident in Table 1 that although major ratio (i.e. 40%) of work effort is put in code and unit test phase. The rest 60 percent effort is put in different areas of the project development life cycle. Hence this signifies the importance of estimating cost for these phases of software development life cycle. Usually the effort estimation is done after the analyses phase when the project reaches into coding stage. The cost / effort is measured in terms of line of codes for each functionality to be incorporated into the software. Therefore it is very clear to understand that only 40 % (i.e. as shown in table 1) of the total software development effort is estimated. Whereas this estimation is delayed until all the analyses and design has completed. We have adapted a different approach and suggest that effort estimation shall be carried out for each phase of the development process. We propose this model to avoid the risk of low cost estimation as earliest as possible in the development process. Current software cost estimation methods first try to know the size of the software to be built. Based upon this size the expected effort to be put is measured. Estimated effort further is utilized to calculate the duration (i.e. Time required) and cost (monetary/human resources) of the project. Calculating the size of project is the foremost logical step to be taken in order to estimate the effort. If we do not know the distance to be travelled we can not estimate the cost and duration per mileage. Therefore we also first measure the size of the entire project. We know that there are mainly three categories of software projects i.e. Organic mode: These are relatively small, simple SW projects (application programs e.g. Thermal analysis program) Embedded mode: System programs which are developed within tight HW, SW and operational constraints (flight control SW for aircraft). Semi-detached mode: An intermediate level (size and complexity, utility programs) SW projects with mixed experience, mixed requirements. It can be mixture of organic and embedded software as well. Therefore these categories of the software project would effect the estimation of each phase. We propose the modular approach to be adapted for the development efforts so that even large scale enterprise information systems can also be decomposed into a mix of several modules of organic, semi detached, and embedded system. Therefore the focus can be put in individual module accordingly. Following are the sections which individually discuss the methods to estimate the expected effort to be put in each phase of software development life cycle. Section 2: Measuring the Size of each project We do not try to measure the size of the project as a whole rather focus on measuring the size of each phase i.e. Analyses, design, coding and testing phases. This can provide us different milestones in the road map of project development. Our main objective is to suggest the estimation methods for analysis, design and testing phasing. We do not focus much on coding phase, as we would refer to the already done work for this phase. We estimate the size of each phase based on the artifacts and project products which are produced in that particular phase. E.g. the analyses phase produces the detailed user requirements document (use cases etc), design phase produces the class diagram, database Model i.e. E-R diagram, Sequence diagrams, activity diagrams etc. based upon these deliverables in each phase the time and effort to produce these are estimated. Figure 1 shows the step wise flow chart of entire project planning process. After the identification of project scope/objectives, characteristics and infrastructure, the identification of all the activities is done. This identification of activities at early stage may provide the strong basis to estimate the size of each individual phase of software development process. As this involves the work break down structure to be defined and can identify the product / deliverable of each phase. Figure also shows that based on this identification of each activity the cost and risk are estimated for each activity. As this is part of project planning. Therefore we can obtain this information in the most earliest phase of project planning and do not need to wait for longer duration as have to wait in existing cost estimation models to estimate the cost of construction of the software. Hence early stage activity identification can help us to estimate the cost/effort for each phase i.e. analysis, design, coding and testing. Figure 1. Step wise Project Planning [3] Moreover the responsibility of the analysis and design of the system goes to the systems analyst. Generally system is viewed in terms of a collection of sub systems therefore each sub system analysis and design is the responsibility of any individual analyst. Hence the human resource need is very clear for analysis and design phase. But when team work is done in coding and testing phases then more stressed has to be put to estimate the required human resources. Bruegge defines the following work products to be generated in each phase of software development life cycle. Figure 2 Software Life Cycle Activities. [6] Bruegge describes and decomposes the overall system model and design into three types of design models i.e. Analysis model Object Design model Behavioral model Section 3: Requirement Elicitation Analyses Phase Size and Effort Estimation In earlier phase of the development process the scope is defined. This may also provide an intuitive vision of project size to the experienced project managers. Unified Process for software development defines the work products in different phases. [2] During the analyses phase we propose Inception points to be identified and estimated. Inception points refer to the points which must be analyzed about in context of the interest of each stakeholder. As use cases represent the points of some business operation or systems functionality, which needs to be clearly understood and modeled therefore we call them inception points. We must know the accurate number of inception points and the effort needed to develop those points. Unified process for software development describes the following main work products in Inception phase. Definition of the problem Identification of all stakeholders Identification of Functional / non functional requirements Validation of requirements [2] Therefore all the main inception points can be clearly identified. Inception point will mainly focus around the identification of the users / stakeholders (possible actors functionality needed) and requirements. The size can be estimated for this phase by estimating the requirements. This can further be utilized to estimate the cost to build the use cases for each requirement. We suggest that the elicitation of requirements may consume effort / cost relevant to the number of requirements and user present. No of Requirements No of Users Project Size Less than 25 1-10 Small 25 50 11-50 Average 50 above 50 above Large Table 2 Project size based on no of requirements. Table 2 can signifies the need to enumerate each requirement, moreover each requirement will produce a use case and would also identify all its possible actors. Hence this can produce the effort needed to build those use cases which need to be documented in the software requirement specification document. Use cases can also be weighted to measure their complexity. So that the size can be determined and the time taken to create those use cases can be determined. No of Processing Points No of Actors No of > Use case Time taken to develop No of Person 1-3 1-2 1-2 3 Hours 1 4-5 3-5 3-5 5 Hours 1 5 + 5 + 5 + 7 Hours 1 Table 3 Use Case Types We have categorized the use cases based upon the number of processing points. actors, and the extension use cases which emerge from that particular use case. We conducted a survey to get the opinion from experienced software engineers and project managers in different software houses. We had distributed the questionnaire which primarily contained the questions to ask about the time needed to develop different types of use case as described in the table 3. We have processed the survey data and have obtained the average time for each category of the use case. Hence we can sum up the total number of inception points and can multiply them by the number of hours required for each type of use case. Summing up the time required in hours for each type of use case can then further give us the total number of hours required to build inception points. Section 4:Design Phase Size and Effort Estimation Object design model and behavioral model are produced during the design phase. We can estimate the size of each model alone and can sum the effort to obtain the total design phase effort. We can identify the Design Points, therefore we can add the weight associated to each design point and hence can measure the size and effort of that particular design point. This gives the lower level granularity to perceive the effort and size of each possible system feature to be designed. Hence further gives us tighter grip on the project progress. Following can be the possible design points: Entity classes Boundary classes Control classes System decomposition System integration Aggregation / composition of objects Generalization / specialization of objects Object interaction Interfaces Application logic 4.1Object Design Model Size and Effort The main artifact of the Object model is class diagram. Class diagram is comprised of several entity, control and boundary classes. If Entity Relationship diagram has already been produced then the effort can be lessened as persistent object are already been identified. Further more each type of classes need to be designed very carefully as control classes depict all the processing and interaction responsibilities among the classes. Where as boundary classes are responsible for the interfacing with either other system components, users, or external system for electronic data interchange. We declare each class to be a design point. A class in the system primarily depicts a systems object which interacts with other objects in systems environment. Hence a class does not dangle into a void but have solid connections and interactions with other classes that must be very accurately and rightly designed. Therefore we can categorize the class based on the complexity of their design. A class would be difficult to design if it has many associations , aggregations, generalizations, functionalities, overloading, overriding etc. Table 4 depicts the parameters to judge the complexity ratio of any class to be designed therefore the effort would be relevant to the complexity ratio. Complexity Ratio No of Associations No of Interactions No of Methods No of Interfaces Time Required (Hours) Low None None 1-5 1 2 2 Medium Single Single 5-10 2 5 5 High Multiple Multiple 10-20 5 10 8 Table 4: class categories for design complexity Our conducted survey tells us that based upon the complexity ratio any class can take 2, 5, or 8 hours for designing. Remember that this time is for design of the class but coding can take extra effort in the coding phase. Therefore if we can obtain the total number of design points and multiply them with the hours required to get the total hours required for the entire class diagram. 4.2Behavioral Model Size and Effort Behavioral model comprises of different diagrams which depicts the state, interaction of different classes with each other and the sequence of activities performed in the system to achieve any objective or perform business function. These diagrams are sequence diagram and state transition diagrams mainly. We declare each of these diagrams to be the design point as it is very essential to trace the possible states of the system so that a good design can be obtained. Whereas the sequence diagrams is the most sophisticated diagram that shows the complete step by step functionality and participating classes. But if the functionality of the existing system has been well understood then creation of sequence diagrams become easier. Our surveyed data reveals the facts that each of these diagrams can be different in complexity level i.e. low, medium, high. Parameters involved for determining the complexity level are summarized in table 5 below. Complexity Ratio State Chart No of States No of Transitions / Events No of Activity of State No of Actions associated with states Time Required (Hours) 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 3 5-10 5-7 5-7 5-7 5 10-15 7-10 7-10 7-10 8 Sequence Diagram NO of Classes No of Actors No of Events No of Control, boundary Entity Objects Time Required (Hours) 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 3 5-10 5-7 5-7 5-7 5 10-15 7-10 7-10 7-10 8 Table 5 Complexity parameters for behavioral model diagrams We perceive each of such diagrams as design point and can sum up the total number of hours required for each to obtain the total size and effort estimate to develop behavioral model. 4.3Data Model Size and Effort Mainly an objective is set to achieve an Entity Relationship diagram to depict the over all database design for the entire software system. E-R diagram itself involves several steps to be carried out. The size of database model itself may relate to the type of software project. Embedded software may not be using any large data base but may work using few files available in the read only memory. Whereas organic and semi detached software projects may require the data to be accessed from large databases. Complexity further increases when database has to be distributed. For the time being we do not discuss about distributed databases and leave it for our future work. Therefore we aim to estimate the size of conventional database to be built. The following table 4 summarizes the parameters that would affect the size of the database. Complexity Ratio No of Entities No of Relationships No of Aggregations Normalization Degree Query Joins Low 10-20 5-10 1-5 1-3 10-15 Medium 20-35 10-20 5-10 1-3 15-25 High 35-50 20-40 10-20 1-5 25-50 Table 6: Complexity parameters and Ratio to develop E-R Model The larger the number of entities to be designed, larger the database size increases. It is time consuming task to identify the persistent objects (i.e. entities) in the system. Then to design its attribute set. Different types of attributes i.e. composite, derived and multi-valued attributes are difficult to design and to decide that which entity would be the best suitable place for any particular attribute. Based upon the complexity ratio we had conducted a survey to know that how much time and personnel is required to build the E-R model. We have analyzed the data and got the average time and no of personnel required to develop E-R model. Complexity Ratio Days Required Personnel Required Low 7 10 1 2 Medium 10 25 1 3 High 25 40 1 5 Table 7: Required Effort for E-R model We have considered the flexibility range in the commencement of the activities as well, therefore have concluded the time and personnel requirement in to range of lower and upper limit. Section 5.Coding phase Size and Effort estimate Much work has been done to focus at the code phase effort and size estimation. Mainly Constructive Cost Model and Use case Point method strive hard to achieve this objective. But still there is room for the refinement. But as our main objective was to talk about the other phases e

Lab Report Investigating the Rate of Reaction Between Marble Chips and Acid when Variables are Changed :: essays research papers

Investigating the rate of reaction between marble chips and acid when variables are changed Aim: to find out how changing the concentration of acid by diluting it affects the rate of reaction. Planning: I will use marble chips and different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and water to see how it affects the rate of reaction. I will use 30ml of liquid made up of different concentrations of acid diluted with water. Introduction: I have decided to vary the concentration of the acid as my variable I could have chosen other variables to change such as changing the heat of the acid, the size of the marble chips and many others variables. The word equation for this reaction is Marble + Hydrochloric ïÆ'  , Carbon + Water + Calcium Chips Acid Dioxide Chloride and the symbol equation for this is CaCl + CO2 + H2O so CaCO + HCl ïÆ'  , CaCl + CO2 + H2O. Apparatus: A Stop Clock - To determine how long it takes to collect enough gas to fill the measuring cylinder. A Water Bath - To stop the water escaping from the measuring cylinder. A Measuring cylinder - To measure the amount of gas that is given off. A Chronicle Flask - Contains the marble chips, hydrochloric acid and the water that will make the reaction. A Tube - To connect the conical flask to the measuring cylinder. Method: Firstly, I will measure out 0.5 grams of powdered marble chips. Next I will measure out different concentrations of acid, these concentrations are, 30ml acid no water, 25ml acid 5ml water, 20ml acid 10ml water and 15ml acid 15ml water. I will then put the powdered marbled chips in the chronicle flask along with the acid and put the stopper on top. I will then record how long it takes for it to fill the measuring cylinder up. I will repeat each experiment 4 times so I can work out an average Prediction: I predict that when I have a higher concentration I will have a faster rate of reaction. I believe this is so because as you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume. Therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting with more particles on the surface of the marble. So, this means that the higher the concentration of my acid the faster the reaction. Results: Test/acid strength 30ml acid no water 25ml acid 5ml water 20ml acid Lab Report Investigating the Rate of Reaction Between Marble Chips and Acid when Variables are Changed :: essays research papers Investigating the rate of reaction between marble chips and acid when variables are changed Aim: to find out how changing the concentration of acid by diluting it affects the rate of reaction. Planning: I will use marble chips and different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and water to see how it affects the rate of reaction. I will use 30ml of liquid made up of different concentrations of acid diluted with water. Introduction: I have decided to vary the concentration of the acid as my variable I could have chosen other variables to change such as changing the heat of the acid, the size of the marble chips and many others variables. The word equation for this reaction is Marble + Hydrochloric ïÆ'  , Carbon + Water + Calcium Chips Acid Dioxide Chloride and the symbol equation for this is CaCl + CO2 + H2O so CaCO + HCl ïÆ'  , CaCl + CO2 + H2O. Apparatus: A Stop Clock - To determine how long it takes to collect enough gas to fill the measuring cylinder. A Water Bath - To stop the water escaping from the measuring cylinder. A Measuring cylinder - To measure the amount of gas that is given off. A Chronicle Flask - Contains the marble chips, hydrochloric acid and the water that will make the reaction. A Tube - To connect the conical flask to the measuring cylinder. Method: Firstly, I will measure out 0.5 grams of powdered marble chips. Next I will measure out different concentrations of acid, these concentrations are, 30ml acid no water, 25ml acid 5ml water, 20ml acid 10ml water and 15ml acid 15ml water. I will then put the powdered marbled chips in the chronicle flask along with the acid and put the stopper on top. I will then record how long it takes for it to fill the measuring cylinder up. I will repeat each experiment 4 times so I can work out an average Prediction: I predict that when I have a higher concentration I will have a faster rate of reaction. I believe this is so because as you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume. Therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting with more particles on the surface of the marble. So, this means that the higher the concentration of my acid the faster the reaction. Results: Test/acid strength 30ml acid no water 25ml acid 5ml water 20ml acid

Miller Associated Communications

1. How does Miller fit the profile of the average fraud perpetrator? How does he differ? How did these characteristics make him difficult to detect? Miller fit the profile of the average fraud perpetrator is that he has seem to look like everyone else in the business world who is well liked and seem to be an ideal employee. Purpose of Miller is trying to gain the trust of his employer and colleagues. That’s why Miller works so hard on the constant energetic attempt to conceal his fraud. Miller differed from other fraud perpetrators because he was a sensible person. He has realized that embezzle he done was not right. When he caught by the employer, he promised will pay back all the money that he had stolen from earlier fraud. These characteristics made it difficult to detect Miller because he was trusted by his employer and colleagues. He would dedicate and put more effort on his job, and said to do outstanding work. This added by Miller being a very likeable person simply proved to make his evildoings very hard to detect. 2. Explain the three elements of the opportunity triangle (commit, conceal, convert), and discuss how Miller Associated Communications. What specific concealment techniques did his actions? Miller accomplished the three elements of the opportunity triangle in embezzling funds from Associated Communications by stealing money from his employers through forged checks. He would trick colleagues into signing their names to checks requiring two authorizing signatures. He would do this by asking them to sign the checks just in case the company needed to authorize a payment while they were on vacation. Miller concealed the fraud by intercepting the bank reconciliation and destroying the cancelled checks he used to siphon money. He then wrote off the amount to an expense account in order to balance the company’s book balance. Since Miller converted the checks he had written into his personal account to convert the funds into personal gain. 3. What pressures motivated Miller to embezzle? How did Miller rationalize his actions? Pressure is a person’s incentive or motivation for committing fraud. In this case, Miller faced a pressure vanity of his lifestyle which motivated Miller to continue to commit fraud. This is because he needs to buy luxury goods and lavish lifestyle. Miller rationalized his actions by saying he was not a bad person and he promised to all victim companies he would paid back the money that he stole. 4. Miller had a framed T-shirt in his office that said, â€Å"He who dies with the most toys wins. † What does this tell you about Miller? What lifestyle red flags could have tipped off the company to the possibility of fraud? Miller’s framed T-shirt showed that he was extremely motivated by material things and needs a lot of money to support his motivation. The lifestyle red flags could have tipped off the company were that Miller was spending his salary most likely could have supported, such as buying a lavish suburban home, expensive suits, diamond, ruby, a new car, and others. 5. Why do companies hesitate to prosecute white-collar criminals? What are the consequences of not prosecuting? How could law enforcement officials encourage more prosecution? Companies hesitate to prosecute white-collar criminals because they will be going to worry that fraud perpetrators will continue to exploit a company if they going to be prosecuted the fraud perpetrators. Fraud perpetrators will be going to revenge those companies who prosecute them as they are clearly about the weakness of the internal controls of their existing companies. So that, they can easily to sabotage each companies. Law enforcement Officials could encourage companies to report and prosecute fraud and hold them responsible if they know about the fraud committed. This would prevent more fraud acts happen in the future because employees know they will be prosecuted for committing fraud. 6. What could the victimized companies have done to prevent Miller’s embezzlement? Wheeling Bronze could have better enforced proper authorization and approval controls over access to cash and bank checks and to the means of writing and signing checks. Crest Industries could have been prevented or at least detected by better control over monthly bank statements and their reconciliation. In all but the first fraud, a more thorough background check of Miller may have revealed his past fraudulent activities and the company could have avoided the problems that arose after he was hired.

Young and Feminine Comportment Essay Example

Young and Feminine Comportment Essay Example Young and Feminine Comportment Paper Young and Feminine Comportment Paper Iris Marion Young- Feminine Comportment The aim of this essay is to evaluate and discuss Iris Marion Young’s account of feminine comportment. Much of her essay is based on theories and ideas expressed in the work of Merleau-Ponty and so to evaluate Young, this essay shall briefly discuss the work of Merleau-Ponty. The essay shall then turn to the overview of Young’s essay. The evaluation of this argument shall be clearly and concisely encapsulated in a short conclusion. The first point that Young concerns herself with is that Erwin Strauss in his study of body comportment takes but a moment to discuss why young girls have the ineffective throwing style that they do. Strauss finds no conclusion as to why young girls awkwardly throw a ball and so puts it down to an â€Å"effeminate essence or feminine attitude†. However attitudes are built through socialization as in the blank paper socialization view- that perhaps seems the most possible if not rational. What is apparent is that attitudes are learnt- not acquired so where would a five year old girl have learnt of her â€Å"feminine essence†? In her own words Young seeks to â€Å"†¦fill a gap that thus exists both in existential phenomenology and feminist theory. † (Young. 1990, p 145) Young seeks to find out how the body completes a definite task and this is done through combining the works of Merleau-Ponty and Beauvoir who both tackle and formulate different ideas concerning movement. Awareness of body is inherent- our bodies have the ability to â€Å"learn† where we are in relation to space. With practice our bodies can act without cognitive thought, the things that we practice with thus become an extension of ourselves- as with an experienced typist that no longer needs to look at a computers keyboard, Merleau-Ponty likens this to his typewriter where a â€Å"motor space† opens under his hands and he is able to type without thinking about finding the letters. This can be noticed in sports too, for example when a squash player’s racquet is an extension of the body. The player is aware of it, has an idea of where it is in relation to them and employs it as an extension of the body without much thought, in order to hit the ball. The same occurs in many other sports like hockey, competent practice for long enough turns the stick into an extension of the arms, the player is as aware of it as they are of a limb. When a ball is hit dangerously into a player’s body, instead of raising hands to catch it, the stick automatically comes up to block it. This is because the player has trained to do so and now gives the action no thought- it just happens. This could be likened to muscle memory- and even after not touching a stick or riding a bicycle, the person trying to do either would still be able to. This idea that we can so involve our bodies in the world around us should not be strange. Humans are too removed from their surroundings for the most part and this mechanism of acquired body movement should be perfectly natural as after all we control our bodies. Young also mentions Simone de Beauvoir’s study on feminine comportment. The problem with this study according to Young is that Beauvoir focuses on why women have always felt their body a burden- this mostly due to how carrying child and giving birth tends to create a earthy bond to nature that men do not experience. This in part oppresses women- also the fact that men don’t carry children seems to be part of the natural oppression that women feel. However this does not address the issue of â€Å"feminine essence†, as this has to do with a woman’s physiology and not with a mysterious essence. She starts with the basic movements- mapping the differences in stance while walking, standing and sitting and then moves to how things are carried and used in relation to the body. The general findings are that women try to protect themselves from harm; they do not believe themselves physically able to perform heavy tasks like men do. Also their actions reflect an inherent subordinate position in relation to the way men walk, stand and interact with objects. Men and women use their bodies differently according to Young- as if this was not immediately apparent, but to Young the â€Å"why† is what is important. Quite generally Young concedes that women do not feel as comfortable with space as men do, men tend to take a more active view of space, and sport is a good way of measuring this. But surely it is too easy to say that women are more afraid of getting hurt than men are and that they don’t have confidence in their bodily abilities as men do- which Young offers as a two-prong answer to why women are at a base level more uncomfortable with space and actions. She suggests that women do not trust their bodies as men do instead having to fight their bodies to fulfill an action. Young then defines the three modalities of movement that are inhibited by inherent femininity and these are: ambiguous transcendence, inhibited intentionality and discontinuous unity. To explain these terms- ambiguous transcendence is the idea that rather than moving through the body, women are uncomfortable in it, they do not forget that they have a body, rather they are perpetually aware of it, and yet not comfortable with it. Transcendence is when you are one with your body, where your body is entirely you, you don’t even think about it because it is the thing that does all the experiencing. Immanence is when you are aware of something as a thing. The hockey stick thus is immanent to us. Young is saying that for women, their bodies are only partly transcendent. At no time does a woman become lost in an activity and forget she has a body, she doesn’t connect to the action through the body. She is always aware of the body as an object. She says that the fact that in, for example, throwing, women only move part of their bodies (just the arm, say) shows that the unmoving part is still an object for them. To describe inhibited intentionality, think that rather than your body reaching forward to get something, you hesitate. Intentionality is involved with how directly one intends to do something. Young here is interpreting Merleau-Pontys idea that people exhibit intentionality in their movement. Men have an excellent sense of intentionality while that of women is not as developed or is hindered by many factors. Discontinuous unity has got to do with the surroundings of the body. Young describes how women isolate muscles and muscle groups in order to get a task done. This is not productive by any stretch as women don’t use the major muscle groups to bear the weight. She also advocates the idea that women see themselves as objects within the situation. This is based somewhat on what Merleau-Ponty says about the unification of the body and the action, for Young it is possible that his experience is simply due to him being a man. This indeed would make his interaction with the world different from hers. Thus simple tasks, if Merleau-Ponty is correct would require a woman to do both the task at hand and also fight her body- or compel it into doing the task. â€Å"Woman takes herself to be the object of the motion rather than its originator† (Young. 1990, p150). Also it must be noted that Young takes the view that women see an object as coming at them not towards them, the idea of catching for instance must then difficult. The idea of the object coming at them must be conquered in order that the object can be caught. This adds another dimension to a simple act, as the body must be coaxed into doing such a seemingly simple task. To sum up the implications of this are easy- Young postulates that women experience a sense of inherent otherness concerning their own bodies. As to Young’s use of Merleau-Ponty’s work, she uses his work in her discussion of modality, which she summarizes into three points. Albeit these three points deal apparently with the same concept and seem to have almost the same premises and conclusion. The first relates that Merleau-Ponty makes a distinction between the types of space that a human can experience. The different ideas of space for him arise due to a man or woman’s relation to that space, from this, Young surmises that feminine space is different to that of males in that women find space enclosing and find themselves positioned in space- this must mean that men find themselves surrounded by space but not positioned in it- rather it around them. Merleau-Ponty finds that â€Å"here† and â€Å"there† to men are one and the same- as I would also have thought- being male- the view of men is that â€Å"here† and â€Å"there† are the same- joined by their bodies. Feminine spatiality again is not the same as it assumes the view that â€Å"there† is different from â€Å"here†- Young labels this double spatiality (Young, 1990, p152). The third point starts with the idea that women find themselves positioned in space. For Merleau-Ponty the world is made up of objects and objects require space, the body is not the object but the mechanism by which space can be measured. This cannot be so for women if they are positioned in space. Young sets out to propose that feminine bodily comportment is a complex issue and that it has nothing to do with a â€Å"feminine essence† as Strauss wanted to believe. Instead for Young- and her study does lead one to the conclusion that- the modalities of female bodily comportment are in fact due to the oppression of women by men since time immemorial. This has nothing to do with the anatomy and physiology of the female form, instead with the â€Å"situation† of women in society as Young calls it. Women have always been objectified- to the extent that this objectification is part of what it means in this contemporary world to be a woman. When a young girl sees how women walk and act- something that they in turn did occurs- she imitates their stance and behavior. This can be seen in the case of â€Å"tom-boys†, they are more likely to succeed at sport and they are generally stronger and more aware of space as they prefer the idea of being men when they are young. In conclusion, the work of Merleau-Ponty is compelling and intuitive- perhaps as I am a male- in all it is very concise, cogent and easy to understand. The ideas and insights that Young shares on how women view their bodies and space also seems clear and cogent. However the way that she uses Merleau-Ponty’s work to give contrast to her work is excellent. The usage of the three points that were in contrast to Merleau-Ponty’s study might perhaps have seemed repetitive but in fact they deal with miniscule differences that are seemingly unimportant until a further observation. In all this is a well written and intelligent argument or set of theories. The coup de grace is that as a male one cannot but blindly disagree- as one has no knowledge of what it is like to be a woman, or one must blindly agree as what is said about the way women relate to space does make sense. The idea that the way women walk, carry and hold things too is easy to agree with, there is no doubt that women have been oppressed and objectified throughout history and this could very likely have changed their views on space and the body- as opposed to the views of men. From a male point it would be more rational and politically correct to agree with Young. Words: 2052 List of Reference 1. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1962, Phenomenology of Perception, Routledge, London. 2. Iris Marion Young, 1990, Throwing Like a Girl and Other Essays in Feminist Philosophy and Social Theory, Indiana University Press, Bloomington

1990 Turing Award Essays - Multics, Compatible Time-Sharing System

1990 Turing Award Essays - Multics, Compatible Time-Sharing System 1990 Turing Award According to the Association for Computing Machinery, (ACM) the A.M. Turing Award is the most prestigious technical award with a prize of $250,000. The Turing Award is given to a member or members of the computing community that has contributed a major technical importance to the computer field. ("ACM's Turing Award.") The Turing Award has been named the ?highest distinction in Computer science? and the ?Nobel Prize of computing?. This award contributes to the ACM?s mission ?to advance computing as a science and a profession?. (Geringer) The Turing Award is named after Alan Mathison Turing, a British mathematician, who is ?credited for being the Father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence?. (Homer) The first award was given out in 1966 and the Association for Computing Machinery has been giving them out every year since. In 1990, Fernando Jos? "Corby" Corbat? received the Turing Award for his work in ?organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems?. Corbat? was born on July 1, 1926 in Oakland, California. He received his bachelor?s degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1950, and then went on to receive his Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1956. After getting his Ph.D., he joined MIT?s Computation Center and soon was appointed Associate Professor in 1962. In 1965, he got promoted to a Professor and then during 1974 to 1993 he was Associate Department Head for Computer Science and Engineering. (Conte) Corbats work with time-sharing computer systems started in November 1961, at the MIT Computation Center, when ?an early version of the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) was first demonstrated?. (Csail) Timesharing, driven by the need to increase interactivity between user and computer and ease-of-use of the computer, allows a large number of users to interact with the computer simultaneously. It involves connecting various numbers of consoles to a single, central computer. Each console is allotted a time-slice of the central computer?s time, as the central computer delegates its time by switching between the user?s applications and problems and ?it appears to the user that s/he has complete access to the central computer.? (1963 Timesharing: A Solution to Computer Bottlenecks)The Compatible Time-Sharing System in the IBM 7094 digital computer timesharing operating system was used as the programming and debugging tool. (Vleck) In 1964, Corbats new knowledge of multiple access systems blossomed into the creation of a new system called Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service). This new system also supported an online reconfiguration, which allowed central processing units, memory banks, and disk drives can be added or removed while the system was still operating. Multics was one of the earliest multiprocessor systems because it supported multiple CPUs. In addition, it was the first major operating system to have a secure system from the outset, which lead to more secure systems and prefigured modern security engineering techniques. Multics was the first operating system to provide a hierarchical file system, which means that files could have multiple names and links between directories were supported. In 1973, Multics became the ?basis of a commercial system? that Honeywell Information Systems, Incorporated offered. (Conte) The computer advances that Corbat? has contributed to the world have been very impactful. CTSS was very influential because it showed that time-sharing was viable because it provided means of multi-tasking and multiprogramming, which is still significant and crucial for today?s computers. This provided new applications and programs to be created and used because computers were no longer single-use machines. A semi-recent creation that has brought back the concept of time-sharing is the Internet, where corporate server farms can host millions of customers that all share common resources. (Csail) CTSS also had one of the first inter-user message implementations. This pre-aged electronic mail and e-mail is one of the most common ways of communication in these present times. (Homer) In addition, Multics was the first powerful multi-processor computing machine, which set the groundwork for all of the multi-processing machines that are so popular today. Multics directly inspired AT&T to de velop Unix, another multitasking and multi-user computer operating system. Unix?s direct descendants are still used today in operating systems like Linux and these descendants were